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Urbanization in Developing Employment and Income in the City Growth,
Development and income in the City Industrialization MNC’s , GDP, GNP, PPP Per-capita
income Structure
of urban labor markets Participation
of women in labor force
q More women
participating in labor today q
Undermines the gender division of labor Occupational
hierarchy Labor
markets play role in creating and maintaining gender divisions There
is a monopoly of technical and managerial positions by men Ratio
of segregation of male and female workers in unskilled labor Women
categorized in lower grade positions Segregated
and different occupation titles Different
evaluations for men and women Existing
different wages
Promotion variations Labor
markets Division
between high and low paying sectors
Mobility between the two restricted
High paying jobs tied with promotion and wage raise
Stable jobs Gender
permeates all social institutions, economic market laws work through and with
in gendered structures. Occupational
structures do not exist independently of the characteristics of those who
fill them. Male
and Female Workers in Industry Some
stereotypes that characterize men and women suggesting that women and men are
suited to very different types of work. Skilled/unskilled
Heavy/light
Dirty/clean
Dangerous/less dangerous
Interesting/boring
Responsible/not responsible Introduction
of Japanese management technique Total
quality management The
creation of team members Equal
training across the board Change
in management perceptions Historical perspective
of Colonial Urbanization in Asia, Africa, and Pre-colonial
urbanization discussion Existence
of sophisticated urban centers in Asia, Africa, and Traditional
self sufficient societies Colonialism:
assumption of political power by force, subjugation….
Direct rule Indirect rule Assimilation The
Emergence of capitalism Capitalism
is an economic theory stressing control of the means of producing goods
in a society in the hands of those that invest the capital for production. Private ownership and free
enterprise is supposed to lead to more efficiency, lower prices, better products. Adam
Smith popularized this theory in his 1776 book The
Wealth of Nations. Marxism
theory Birth
place of capitalism - 16th century Europe Characteristics
of capitalism Markets/commodities Class
Relations Finance Private
property ownership Profit Allocation
of resources Bourgeoisie/wealth
and political power Labor
as a commodity Working
class/proletariat Barter/Money
Imperialism:
political economy of capitalism According
to King, (Colonial Urban Development) examination of models of colonial
urbanism can be analyzed in spatial context Technology,
culture and political power ….. Spatial
context of the colonial city Please
refer to the table on "Phases of Colonial Urbanization" in your
textbook! World
economic system
Empire Metropolitan society Society Region City Mercantile
colonialism Individual
adventure …Plunder and trade ---era of commodities ……spices, sugar, silk Destructive
of indigenous populations Portuguese,
Spanish … 14th century Military
superiority Religion Industrial
colonialism Industrial
Revolution Investment
overseas - state sponsored Forced
and cheap Labor New
commodities to furnace the Industrial Revolution New
institutions Urban
Development in the Industrial Colonial Period Concentration
of political and economic power in selective areas, mostly ports. Land
ownership changes New
architecture – hybrid in some cases Ethnic
spatial separation of the indigenous people – new expatriate communities Part
of an empire Dualism
between European and indigenous peoples in the colonized world Late
colonialism World
Wars In
depth development of capitalism –economies of scale High
demand for products from the colonies Introduction
of factory based production Beginning
of rural urban migration Racial
apartheid – South Africa Large
scale European migration to colonial cities Early
independence Migration
to Europe – Capitalist
penetration of the countryside Emergence
of MNC …cheap labor Role
of national governments World
Bank IMF URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS
Environmental
problems in cities Earth
Major
environmental disasters – cholera, plague… The
Brown Agenda: Problems: ·
Pollution · Hazardous
working and living conditions · Land
degradation Causes: ·
Urbanization · Rate
and scale of growth in urbanization · Concentration
of population · Natural
hazards · Nature
of development Developing
nations lack the knowledge of environmental matters Environmental
issues are considered secondary to pressing economic problems. “Develop
now and clean up later” Who
benefits from uncontrolled and unregulated development in the developing
countries? Poverty
and uncertainty of income in urban centers Environmental
concerns ·
Household · Immediate
environs · Regional · global Environmental
problems at the household and community level Primary
concern of the urban poor ……… Household
concerns · shelter · water · sewerage
(waste disposal) · air
pollution · overcrowding · food
safety · the
home as a workplace City
environments Unregulated
and unplanned urban development Physical
location of cities (in hazardous areas) Unplanned
industrial development Most
industrial urban pollution emanates from small-scale enterprises ·
food processing · textile
dyeing · leather
tanning · electroplating · metalwork’s Air
pollution is also the result of: ·
electricity production · use
of fossil fuels · use
of automobiles (ownership increasing up to 10% a year in LDC) Correlation
between economic development and waste disposal Examples:
The
impact of the city on its periphery The
“Ecological Footprint Concept” William Rees (1992) The
“Carrying Capacity Concept” Maximum
rate of resource consumption and waste disposal sustainable over an
indefinite period of time without impairing the whole system. What
is ignorant of the carrying capacity? ………. Rees calls these, the urban
footprint. The
nature of the urban footprint can be simplified by classifying it into two
parts: · immediate peri-urban · broader regional resource/waste impacts The immediate peri-urban can be assessed in terms of (UNCHS, 1996) · Unplanned and uncontrolled urban sprawl · Solid waste disposal · Liquid waste disposal Energy needs
and biomass Demand for
building materials Brickworks –
topsoil Urban management Adopting
appropriate policies Common
environmental problems Pollution – pollution
from industry and transport correlates positively with city size. Urban growth
rates have strong influence on environmental problems. · Cities with rapid economic growth are capable of
making infrastructure investments. · There are cities that grow without corresponding
economic expansion · The availability of resources and willingness by
urban leaders to invest Economic
prosperity has correlation with the management of environmental problems. Planning
process to respond to urban environmental issues. Last Updated: 11/02/07 |
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